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Pinghua
Pinghua ( Pínghuà, sometimes disambiguated as 廣西平話/广西平话 ''Guǎngxī Pínghuà)'' is a Chinese language spoken mainly in parts of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, with some speakers in Yunnan province. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi, where it is spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers of Pinghua are officially classified as Zhuang, and many are genetically distinct from the Han majority of Chinese speakers.〔Pinghua population as an exception of Han Chinese's coherent genetic structure http://www.springerlink.com/content/e803426681664g43/〕 The northern subdialect of Pinghua is centered on Guilin and the southern subdialect around Nanning. Pinghua has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones, and using various loanwords from Zhuang, such as the final particle "wei" for imperative sentences.
==History and classification==
Language surveys in Guangxi during the 1950s noted a variety of Chinese different from those in Guangdong that had been previously considered by default as a subdivision of Yue Chinese. Pinghua was designated as a separate dialect from Yue by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in the 1980s〔现代汉语 "Modern Chinese" ISBN 7-04-002652-X page 15〕 and since then has been treated as a separate dialect in textbooks and surveys, though it is not at present noted in ''Ethnologue''.
Since designation as a separate dialect there has been increased research into Pinghua. In 2008 a report by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences of research into Chinese varieties noted an increase in research papers and surveys of Pinghua, from 7 before the 1987 publication of the ''Language Atlas of China'' based on the revised classification, and about 156 between then and 2004.〔(cass report by 王宏宇 ) (in Chinese), April 2008〕
In the 1980s the number of speakers was listed as over 2 million.〔现代汉语 "Modern Chinese" ISBN 7-04-002652-X page 21〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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